Softskill Bahasa Inggris 2 ( Penjelasan Tenses, Jawaban Tugas, Artikel Bhs. Inggris)

Nama      : Farah Indah Lestari

NPM      : 22211694

Kelas      : 3eb02

• Penjelasan Tenses

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The simple present or present simple is one of the verb forms associated with the present tense in modern English. It is commonly referred to as a tense, although it also encodes certain information about aspect in addition to present time.

It is called "simple" because its basic form consists of a single word (like write or writes), in contrast with other present tense forms such as the present progressive (is writing) and present perfect (has written). For nearly all English verbs the simple present is identical to the base form (dictionary form) of the verb, except when the subject is third-person singular, in which case the ending -(e)s is added. There are a few verbs with irregular forms, the most notable being the copula be, which has the simple present forms am, is and are.

The principal use of the simple present is to refer to an action or event that takes place habitually, as in He writes for a living (in contrast to the present continuous, which refers to something taking place at the present moment: He is writing a letter now). However certain verbs expressing a state, such as be and know, are used in the simple present even when referring to a temporary present state. There are also certain other uses (including those mentioned in the following paragraph) in which the simple present does not reflect a habitual aspect.

Like other English present tense forms, the simple present has certain uses in which it does not refer to present time. It frequently refers to the future, as in "My train leaves tomorrow" and "If we win on Saturday, ...". It can also sometimes refer to past events – as in newspaper headlines, for example.

For more information about the uses of constructions related to or contrasting with the simple present, see Uses of English verb forms.

Ø  Verbal

(+) S + V1 s/es + O

(-) S + do/does not + V1 + O…

(?) Do/Does + S + V…?

Ø  Nominal

(+) S + be(am, is, are) + Adj / Noun / Adverb (disingkat ANA)

(-) S + be + not + ANA

(?) Be + S + ANA ?

- Usualy use daily activity : Always, usually, often, seldom.

Example of Verbal Simple Present Tense:

(+) My father goes to post office.

(-) My father does not go to post office.

(?) Does your father go to post office?

Example Nominal Simple Present Tense.

(+) Marcella is a stronger woman.

(-) Marcella is not a stronger woman.

(?) Is she a stronger woman?

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The simple past or past simple, sometimes called the preterite, is the basic form of the past tense in Modern English. It is used principally to describe events in the past, although it also has some other uses. Regular English verbs form the simple past in -ed; however there are a few hundred irregular verbs with different forms.

The term "simple" is used to distinguish the syntactical construction whose basic form uses the plain past tense alone, from other past tense constructions which use auxiliaries in combination with participles, such as the past perfect and past progressive.

Ø  Verbal:

(+) S + V2 + O + Adj / Noun / Adverb (ANA)

(-) S + did + not + V1 + O + ANA

(?) Did + S + V1 + O + ANA ?

Ø  Nominal:

(+) S + to be 2 (was/were) + ANA

(-) S + to be 2 (was/were) + ANA

(?) to be 2 + S + ANA ?

Example of  Verbal Simple Past Tense:

(+) The Doctor went to the hospital yesterday.

(-) The Doctor did not go to the hospital yesterday.

(?) Did the Doctor go to the hospital yesterday?

Example of Nominal Simple Past Tense:

(+) He was a teacher.

(-) He was not a teacher.

(?) Was he a teacher?

Note:

Was: I, He, She, dan It.

Were: You, We, They.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

In grammar, a future tense is a verb form that generally marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future. An example of a future tense form is the French aimera, meaning "will love", derived from the verbaimer ("love"). English does not have a future tense formed by verb inflection in this way, although it has a number of ways of expressing futurity, particularly the construction with the auxiliary verb will or shall, and grammarians differ in whether they describe such constructions as representing a future tense in English, one and all.

The "future" expressed by the future tense usually means the future relative to the moment of speaking, although in contexts where relative tense is used it may mean the future relative to some other point in time under consideration.

Ø  Verbal :

(+) S + Will/Shall + V1 + O + ANA

(-) S + Will/Shall + not + V1 + O + ANA

(?) Will/Shall + S + V1 + O + ANA

Ø  Nominal :

(+) S + Will/Shall + Be + O + ANA

(-) S + Will/Shall + not + be + O + ANA

(?) Will/Shall + S + be + O + ANA

Example of  Verbal Simple Future Tense:

(+) I will make a cake tomorrow.

(-) I will not make a cake tomorrow.

(?) Will you make a cake tomorrow?

Example of Nominal Simple Future Tense:

(+) Belinda will be a singer in my birthday party tomorrow.

(-) Belinda will not be a singer in my birthday party tomorrow.

(?) Will she be a singer in my birthday party tomorrow?

PRESENT PERFECT

The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and the perfect aspect, used to express a past event that has present consequences. The term is used particularly in the context of English grammar, where it refers to forms such as "I have left" and "Sue has died". These forms are present because they use the present tense of the auxiliary verb have, and perfect because they use that auxiliary in combination with the past participle of the main verb. (Other perfect constructions also exist, such as the past perfect: "I had eaten.")

Analogous forms are found in some other languages, and these may also be described as present perfects, although they often have other names, such as the German Perfekt and the French passé composé. They may also have different ranges of usage – for example, in both of the languages just mentioned, the forms in question serve as a general past tense, at least for completed actions. In English, completed actions in many contexts are referred to using the simple past verb form rather than the present perfect.

English also has a present perfect progressive (or present perfect continuous) form, which combines present tense with both perfect aspect and progressive (continuous) aspect: "I have been eating". In this case the action is not necessarily complete; the same is true of certain uses of the basic present perfect when the verb expresses a state or a habitual action: "I have lived here for five years."

Ø  Verbal:

(+) S + Have/Has + V3 + O

(-) S + Have/Has + not + V3 + O

(?) have/has + S + V3 + O

Ø  Nominal:

(+) S + have/has + to be 3 (been) + non verb + O

(-) S + have/has + not + to be 3 + non verb + O

(?) have/has + S + to be 3 + non verb + O?

Example of  Verbal Present Perfect Tense:

(+) I have finished my work.

(-) I have not finished my homework.

(?) Have I finished my homework?

Example of  Nominal Present Perfect Tense:

(+) She has been here for 20 minutes.

(-) She has not been here for 20 minutes.

(?) Has she been here for 20 minutes.

 

• Jawaban Tugas

Nama    : Farah Indah Lestari

NPM      : 22211694

1.       a. I spent my money

b. I will spend my money

c. I have spent my money

2.       a. they used that one

b. they will use that one

c. they have used that one

3.       a. we studied English together

b. we will study English together

c. we have studied English together

4.       a. the discussed their work

b. they will discuss their work

c. they have discussed their work

5.       a. they had enough time

b. they will have enough time

c. they have had enough time

6.       a. I did all of the lessons

b. I will do all of the lessons

c. I have did all of the lessons

7.       a. he sat in that row

b. he will sit in that row

c. he has sat in that row

8.       a. I drove my car

b. I will drive my car

c. I have driven my car

9.       a. she hid her money

b. she will hide her money

c. she has hidden her money

10.   a. we went to school

b. we will go to school

c. we have gone to school

11.   a. he took much time

b. he will take much time

c. he has taken much time

12.   a. did he eat there?

b. will he eat there?

c. has he eaten there?

13.   a. did you enjoy that work?

b. will you enjoy that work?

c. have you enjoyed that work?

14.   a. did he write many letters?

b. will he write many letters?

c. has he written many letters?

15.   a. did you send many letters?

b. will you send many letters?

c. have you sent many letters?

16.   A. did they explain everything?

b. will they explain everything?

c. have they explained everything?

17.   A. did she attend that class?

b. will she attend that class?

c. has she attended that class?

18.   A. did you have enough time?

b. will you have enough time?

c. have you had enough time?

19.   A. did they copy the sentences?

b. will they copy the sentences?

c. have they copied the sentences?

20.   A. did she have much trouble?

b. will she have much trouble?

c. has she had much trouble?

21.   A. did she do good work?

b. will she do good work?

c. has she did good work?

22.   A. did the students practice?

b. will the students practice?

c. have the students practiced?

23.   A. I didn’t stay there

b. I won’t stay there

c. I haven’t stayed there

24.   A. he didn’t work hard

b. he won’t work hard

c. he hasn’t worked hard

25.   A. I didn’t have any energy

b. I won’t have any energy

c. I haven’t had any energy

26.   A. he didn’t pay his bills

b. he won’t pay his bills

c. he hasn’t paid his bills

27.   A. we didn’t see that fellow

b. we won’t see that fellow

c. we haven’t seen that fellow

28.   A. she didn’t use this one

b. she won’t use this one

c. she hasn’t used this one

29.   A. They didn’t remember it

b. they won’t remember it

c. they haven’t remembered it

30.   A. I didn’t do much work here

b. I won’t do much work here

c. I haven’t did much work here

31.   A. he didn’t listen carefully

b. he won’t listen carefully

c. he hasn’t listened carefully

1.       Mr. Harris have taught English at this school for five years

2.       I have written three or four letters to that company

3.       The students in this class have did those two lessons already

4.       I have known professor Moore for more than twelve years

5.       Richard have taken three courses in English at this school

6.       These steps are dangerous. I have fallen on them several times

7.       Mr.kramer have been in the united states for three years

8.       The janitor have shut the back door already

9.       The students have read all of the stories in that book

10.   Marjorie have chosen a pretty dress for the party

11.   I have spoken to my boss about the problem several times

12.   That tree have grown at least five feet since last year

13.   Miss king have spent over eighteen hundred dollars since May

14.   Mr. and Mrs. Smith have bought a new house in North Plains

15.   The real estate agents have sold the smith’s old house

16.   Charles have had a bad cold for a whole week

17.   I’m sorry I have forgotten the name of that book

18.   We have heard that new song several times already

19.   Mr. Wilson isn’t here. He have went out of town for the weekend

20.   Mr. Kennedy have worn his blue suit to the office only twice

21.   I have sat in this same seat since the first day of classes

22.   The money isn’t in this drawer. Someone have stolen it

23.   Up to now, I have understood every lesson in the book

24.   We have had absolutely no trouble with our car so far

25.   No one have found that girl’s purse and gloves yet

26.   The weather have been very warm ever since last Thursday

27.   Mr. Anderson and M.=r. Brown have had lunch already

28.   I have seen the Empire State Building hundreds of times

29.   We have spoken to the director and gave him the message already

30.   Grandmother have never flown in airplane before

31.   You have torn your shirt! There’s a hole in the left sleeve

32.   I have read the customer’s letter and wrote a reply to him already

 

• Artikel

Tiny Share of Doctors Get Big Slice of Medicare Pie

The top 2 percent of highest-paid doctors who accept Medicare accounted for about $15 billion in payments under the federal program, according to newly released data that will likely lead to litigation and reform

A single Florida ophthalmologist was paid $21 million by Medicare in 2012, according to federal data released Wednesday that shows a tiny sliver of U.S. doctors who accept Medicare account for an outsize proportion of the insurance program’s costs.

Medicare payments to 880,000 doctors nationwide totaled roughly $77 billion in 2012. But the top 2 percent of highest-paid doctors who accept Medicare accounted for about $15 billion in payments under the system, almost a quarter of the total not including commercial entity payments, according to data analyzed by the New York Times.

The data shows in detail for the first time how Medicare pays doctors for specific procedures. Fraud investigators, health insurance plans and researchers will sort through the new data with a fine-tooth comb in the upcoming weeks, likely leading to lawsuits and changes in insurance practices.

“There’s a lot of potential for whistle-blowers and justified worry for fraudsters,” Steven F. Grover, a lawyer who represents whistle-blowers who sue doctors they claim have committed Medicare fraud, told the Times. “There’s going to be a lot of litigation over this.”

In 2012, 100 doctors received a total of $610 million from Medicare payouts, and about 3,300 ophthalmologists were paid $3.3 billion from Medicare, the Times reports. Medicare paid $12 billion for 214 million office and outpatient visits—most of them outpatient visits between 15 and 25 minutes long. The doctors and nurse practitioners were paid an average of $57 per visit.

Ophthalmology and oncology both accounted for a large chunk of Medicare spending.

The doctor’s group the American Medical Association has withheld Medicare data for decades, but a federal judge ruled last year the information could be made public. This release marks the first time since the 1970s that detailed figures on Medicare reimbursements have been made available.